Notas prévias

uma 'oração' é uma parte mais ou menos autónoma de uma frase, com uma ideia própria, um sujeito e um verbo.
numa mesma frase pode haver uma ou mais 'orações' : tantas quantas as diferentes ideias nela contidas
as orações relativas "ligam-se" à ideia principal (main clause) através de um pronome relativo (a primeira palavra da oração relativa)
O pronome relativo põe-se logo a seguir à palavra a que se refere

relative pronouns (pronomes relativos "a alguém / alguma coisa de que já se falou antes)

WHO (que)	refere-se a pessoas : the man who is standing there is my teacher → (o homem que está ali de pé...)
WHICH (que)	relativo a coisas / animais : Please hand me the book which is on that table (...o livro que...)
WHOSE (cujo, cuja, cujos, cujas)	indica posse por parte de uma pessoa, coisa, animal : Her dog, whose name is Pancho, is a Fox Terrier (O cão dela, cujo nome é Pancho...) Mr. Morris, whose house I' ve bought, has moved to Canada → (o sr. Morris, cuja casa eu comprei...)
WHERE (onde)	refere-se a lugares : I' ve spent a few days in Paris, where my friends live → (... em Paris, onde ...)
THAT (que)	pode substituir o ' who ' e o ' which ' , mas apenas nas orações relativas de tipo "defining"

A. Orações relativas de tipo'Defining' : nos exemplos abaixo, a oração relativa dá-nos informação essencial sobre a pessoa, a coisa ou o lugar a que se refere
I met a woman. She can speak six languages.	she a who / that	I met a woman who (that) can speak six languages.
Jim is wearing a hat. It is too big for him.	it a which / that	Jim is wearing a hat which (that) is too big for him.
We saw some people. Their (=those people' s car)car had broken down.	their a whose	We saw some people whose car had broken down. o whose 'liga' o possuidor (people) à coisa possuída (car)
This is the hotel. We stayed there. ( = in it )	there a where	This is the hotel where we stayed. (o hotel onde/ em que ficámos)

B. Orações relativas de tipo'Non-Defining' : desta vez, a oração relativa dá-nos informação adicional : já sabemos de que pessoa, coisa, lugar... estamos a falar.

Esta oração, contendo informação extra, é separada por vírgulas.

Tom's frandfather goes swimming every day.

He is 78.

Tom's grandfather , who is 78 , goes swimming every day.

Tom's grandfather, who goes swimming every day, is 78

The white mansion has just been sold.

It had been built in the 18th century.

The white mansion , which had been built in the 18th century, has just been sold.

The white mansion , which has just been sold , had been built in the 18th. century.

Martin's mother is Spanish. (a mãe do Martin)

Martin speaks both Spanish and English fluently.

Martin , whose mother is Spanish , speaks both Spanish and English fluently.

Mr. Hogg is going to Canada.

His son has been living there since 1998.

Mr. Hogg is going to Canada , where his son has been living since 1998.

DEFINING	NON - DEFINING / extra information
who, whom (*) which, that, whose, where	who, whom (*) which, that, whose, where
essential information ' that ' can be used instead of 'who' or 'which' the relative pronoun can be left out (**) no commas	extra information ' that ' cannot be used the relative pronoun can't be left out () commas**

¤ When WHO / THAT / WHICH are objects of the verb (quando são complemento, directo ou indirecto) in the defining relative clause, you can leave them out (podem omitir-se) (**)

Mary is reading the book she bought yesterday. = Mary is reading the book which she bought yesterday.

which (que pode não se pôr) refere-se ao livro (book) que a Mary (she) comprou .

O sujeito é 'she' (a Mary) ; ' the book ' é o complemento directo

¤ WHOM is possible instead of (em vez de) WHO when it is the object

(complemento) of the verb. (*)

¤ You can also use ' whom ' with a preposition : to, from, of, with, etc

exs:

The man I wanted to see was away on holiday. = The man who / whom I wanted to see...

The girl with whom he had fallen in love has left him. = The girl he had fallen in love with ...

b back (E-Learning page)

Dpt. L.E.